The American Society Of Criminology Essay - 1602 Words

The American Society Of Criminology â€Å"AHHHHhhhhh!† I let out a girlish scream and squirmed as shivers went strait up my spine. I was glued to the latest episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a show that I have watched religiously since its debut. Criminology is something that has always fascinated me, and is a career that I hope to pursue in the future as an FBI agent. I frequently surf the web looking for short stories to read about different criminal cases and to find information about job opportunities and internships. One day I found a website of an organization that studied crime independently of the government. I was immediately intrigued by the organization, and began reading about the American Society of Criminology.†¦show more content†¦Today, membership includes â€Å"anyone interested in enhancing the professional interests of the study of criminology from students, to practitioners, to scholars of various professional criminological specialties† (American Society of Criminol ogy homepage). Membership of ASC is no longer limited to a geographic area. ASC has grown into an international organization involved with other professional societies of criminology around the world. ASC sponsors an employment exchange between its members to facilitate the various job openings in the criminological field over seas. Today, nearly 1,000 people are attending annual meetings and â€Å"every major criminologist in the United States is a member and active participant of ASC† (American Society of Criminology homepage). Also, there are currently 121 (15.2%) female members of what was originally a completely male organization. ASC’s large numbers in membership and diversity makes the organization a unique professional association of some of the world’s best and brightest thinkers (American Society of Criminology homepage). The American Society of Criminology meets once a year at a large hotel to discuss a particular topic of general interest. The society is divided up by committees, for seminars and plenary sessions. At the last meeting, there were two dozen society committees and one hundred and eighty panels. The society publishes threeShow MoreRelatedCriminology : Crime And Crime1123 Words   |  5 Pages Gangs have been exceptionally violent in recent years. Criminology, in respect to gangs, refers to the acts of violence and theft conducted by gangs, which are also prohibited by the law and law enforcement bodies. 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Immigration Settlement And Spatial Assimilation - 1015 Words

Immigration settlement and spatial assimilation lead to a diversity of segregation patterns among many groups throughout U.S. history. Dating back to the 1900’s as much as 90% of Blacks lived in southern states. Douglas Massey stated in his Residential Segregation essay that these southern states contained only 25% of whites, most Blacks lived in rural counties that yielded a large portion of segregated and racially isolated minorities. Shifting ahead to today, racially segregated neighborhoods share a common theme, many Blacks cluster into neighborhoods that are in and around urban areas that seem to be close to the city center. Massey explains that the concentration of space that Black people occupy in these areas is increasingly becoming confined into smaller, compacted areas. I feel Massey is explaining that Blacks living in these â€Å"areas† are essentially getting pushed out in an effort to re-build or â€Å"cleanup† the areas. 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An Analysis of Police Reforms Free Essays

string(50) " of rule of law as well as political credibility\." 1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Police Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. bal@nalsar. ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2 Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle’s theory. Aristotle’s vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution. The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people. As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police. Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy. Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character. We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms are respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization. So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all. Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. You read "An Analysis of Police Reforms" in category "Essay examples" At present the laws governing the relationship between police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries. Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†. The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observed, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times. I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5. The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979. The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote. One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Annual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved . Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to oversee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens. Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve. Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force. Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution of good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a t rue democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference. The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies. The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today. The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a good civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force. Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9 How to cite An Analysis of Police Reforms, Essay examples An Analysis of Police Reforms Free Essays string(50) " of rule of law as well as political credibility\." 1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Police Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. bal@nalsar. ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2 Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle’s theory. Aristotle’s vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution. The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people. As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police. Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy. Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character. We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms are respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization. So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all. Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. You read "An Analysis of Police Reforms" in category "Papers" At present the laws governing the relationship between police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries. Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†. The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observed, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times. I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5. The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979. The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote. One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Annual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved . Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to oversee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens. Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve. Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force. Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution of good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a t rue democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference. The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies. The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today. The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a good civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force. Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9 How to cite An Analysis of Police Reforms, Papers

Identify legal Problesms

Question: Discuss about theIdentify legal Problesms. Answer: Case analysis In Supreme Court of Victoria, Common Law Division Melbourne Her Honourable Justice Julie Anne Doods-Streeton. Honourable Justice is a title used to address judges of Higher or Superior courts. Medium neutral citation is considerably unofficial law report citation that is legally regarded as an internet based reference. Medium Neutral Citation: [2006]; VSC 42 is the case that should be cited. As stated in 129 of this case it can be deduced, that a unilateral contract is defined as "a contract constituted by an offer of a promise for an act" pursuant todefinition in Australian Woollen Mills Proprietary Ltd v The Commonwealth[1954] HCA 20;(1954) 92 CLR 424 at 456 in contrast to the usual exchange of promises. To this effect the relevant act herein constitutes both the performance and the acceptance of the offer and no separate notice of acceptance is required. It can be said that it was in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, (1892) that the definition of unilateral contract was first established The defendants herein made an advertisement for their product (i.e. pharmaceutical smoke ball) t in a newspaper. In the advert it was stated that a 100L reward was to be paid by the Company to any person who contracted an epidemic influenza cold or any related disease caused by the cold from using the ball for the said two weeks, three times daily, as to the printed directions supplied with each ball. Additionally, the advert claimed that the said 1000L was to be deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street as a claim that the company was sincere in the advert. On seeing this advert Mrs. Carlill (herein the plaintiff) purchased one of the said "smoke" balls and used it as per the direction in the advert. Subsequently, she caught the flu and put a claim with the company for a reward for which the company refused to pay. On learning this, Mrs. Carlill sued the company for the reward. At trial the presiding judge, Justice Hawkins, held that Mrs. Carlill was entitled to recover the reward. Essentially the definition of unilateral contract emerged and was contested in CEarlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company at the Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1. Justice Julie Doods-Streeton found that the testimony of Janssen, herein the plaintiffs witness, were inconsistent, imprecise, and as lacking details. Consequently, she considered it unreliable. In her verdict she established that Mr. Blancatos accounts, herein the defendants witness, were consistent, direct and credible. In her opinion she preferred Mr. Blancato evidence. This significantly informed was that her judgement which was the final outcome of this case was by the two accounts of evidence. In its decision the court dismissed the plaintiff's claim sighting insufficient evidence for a course of conviction against the defendant for any breach of the said unilateral contract in question. The court upheld the decision of the trial Judge Doods-Streeton J. In her opinion, evidence presented established that the plaintiff failed to establish the existence of a unilateral contract constituted by the defendants offer made at the conference in February 1998 and accepted by the plaintiffs procurement of its customers entry into rental agreements with CFA. It follows that the plaintiffs claim should be dismissed. In the proceeding, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant, Canon Finance Australia ("CFA"), breached an agreement made between the parties in early 1998. In Par. 157 of the Mildura Office Equipment v CF Australia Ltd, it is argued that the statement of the witness' accounts of the plaintiff was not sufficiently detailed and comprehensive to achieve the requisite level of certainty in relation to essential matters and contingencies regarding the case. It was thus argued that the said evidence was not sufficient to constitute "a legally enforceable offer of a promise even where language of unequivocal commitment is employed. Medium Neutral Citation: (2007) VSCA 112, Mildura Office Equipmentand Supplies Pty Ltd v Canon Finance Australia Ltd [2007] VSCA 112 (1 June 2007) The appeal was dismissed on the ground of unanimous agreement of a three judge bench in a concurrence with the judgement of the trial judge DOODS Streeton J. In a three judge bench, Judge Keller JA, who presumably the presiding judge having handed down the main the judgement, dismissed the appeal of claim for breach of contract brought by the appellant against the respondent, Canon Finance Australia Limited (CFA), on the basis that the appellant had failed to prove the existence of any such contract. In my opinion the case was fairly dealt with based on evidence presented by the counsel of the parties herein. Convincingly, with all legal prudence the appellate court could not agree more with the trial judge. The outcome of the appeal confirmed that the trial judge did not err in the case and that she fairly dealt with it pursuant to the evidence and witnesses' account presented. In the view of the appellate court, the trial court correctly rejected the contention that a contract was concluded when the appellant procured one or an unspecified number of rental agreements between its customers and the respondent. From the excerpt in the appellate courts decision the appellant failed to understand that the contract in question became bilateral right after at the acceptance of the offer by the respondent. It meant a lot of weight when the presiding judges at the appellate court, Buchanan, Ashley JJA, and Kellam AJA, unanimously concurred with the view of the trial judge basing on facts and evidence presented at the trial and appellate courts. Argument for and Against Adversary System Adversary system is a process where arties to a conflict or a controversy design and make heard their arguments find and present evidence, wherein witnesses are called and questioned witnesses in conformity to laid down rules. This process in most is presided over by a judge or a jury who acts as a fact-finder. Thus is required to remain impartial and very neutral. The adversary system model of regulation is mimicry of traditional courtroom procedures. . On the other hand, Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to the resolving a conflict without necessarily having to go to court. In most cases this is a process that is tailored to promote harmony and good relations among parties and ensuring that the social ties are not broken. While the two sides of the legal controversy got postulations and support, one fact that must be accepted is the benefit or demerit that comes with each of them. The adversary system has been criticized as being a system that involves cumbersome, costy, and conflict marred procedure. Critics of this system call for to advocates to embrace and adopt non-adversary methods in addressing issues of disputes between conflicting parties. Surrounding this legal controversy is a contestation and ranging disparage of the legal system. Adversary system has been criticized from all angles, both academically and in practice. This adversarial system has had ardent critics just as much as staunch since time immemorial. Opponents of this system raise fundamental questions: Is what is called justice system preoccupied with finding truth or resolving disputes? How possible is it for poor people to have the same access to legal representations as rich people? How can a system that is vulnerable to manipulation, artifice and pure guile ensure justice In the lead-line of the opponents of this system was the late Warren E. Burger, the ex-President of the US judiciary, who voraciously lambasted system as overzealous. Warren notably asserted that out of too much zeal, lawyers file so many artifice lawsuits and motions within the system that discourage out of settlements. Opponents of adversary system argue that a system in conflict itself can solve problems that exist between parties. While it is referred to as a system, the question is whether it is really one. The numerous appellate cases and throwing of cases for lack of sufficient evidence further casts more doubt on the said 'system'. Proponents of the adversary system, however, are at arms to defend criticisms pointed at the system. In rebuttal, they agree on the need for conflicting parties to take charge of the process of resolution. They claim that, however much lawyers may be credulous to corruption, like any other outfit, they got a code of ethics that is governing them and which, that when executed can deal with cases of demeanors very efficiently. Proponents of adversary system concede that although laws of evidence may be susceptible to exploitation they are the only way through which fairness can be achieved and beguile of the judiciary can prevented. Opponents of adversary system argue that is its sedate and unwieldy nature. Proponents of adversary system, however, argue that some of the studies done show that substantial delays in resolution are faced by litigants even in courts where settlements were actively encouraged and adversary trials discouraged. They maintain that despite its cumbersome nature, its methodical approach is necessary to protect people from exploitation or violation. There is a feeling that lawyers are hired guns whose can violate in and everything just to make legal representation to outlay truth. Others claim that advocates can file artifice lawsuits just to try and make cash and in order to dominate in the adversary process. Opponents of this system argue that the same laws of evidence work against fairness it claims to guarantee by barring presentation of information that would be useful to the fact-finder. Proponents of ADR argue that adversary system is inaccessible to many. They argue that an poor people accused of crime(s) can never have legal representation as the rich and that it would be unrealistic to say that parties in a civil suit involving corporations like Samsung or Apple, an injured party (plaintiff) would have an equal plea power. Conversely, those who are pro-adversary system assert that it is not the law but socioeconomic conditions that beget the disparity in access to legal representation . They equally assert a change to delivery of legal services would do no much in addressing the existing grounded disparity. They also argue that neither members of population who have no access nor afforded egal representation are accorded a place through the existing contingency fee arrangement paid to attorney for representation that is highly criticized. Most legal experts consensually agree that the benefits of adversary system brings with it outweighs its inherent drawbacks. On the edge of the existing controversy is that it brings forth a system that shield people against abuse. Although it can be manipulated to serve the interest of those who least deserve, it must also be accepted that as a merit adversary system would offer every the less fortunate a platform for hope and shield against the powerful. Although many do accept that adversarial system may be faulty due to the fact that it, they still believe modern adversary must not be blindly discredited for the few benefits it may bring forth. It is a pure reflection of the ideal of assurance that everyone is entitled to be represented and be heard before an impartial, fair, independent and free court. Adversary system is arguably the most precise conduit to unravel facts and information that judges or juries may need to resolve conflicts amicably and efficiently as litigants each develop and to present their own proofs and arguments. There's nothing binding between Bastian and Penny. The element of acceptance and counteroffer are missing. For a contract to be legally binding the two parties in question ought to reach an agreement. To this effect when Bastian offered to pay Penny $60, Penny rejected the offer, making a counter-offer on the price, which was not accepted by Bastian who moves ahead to look around for a better deal. Presumably, this meant that Bastian did not accept the counter-offer nor was he willing to make a new counter-offer. As held in Hyde v Wrench (1840) Beav 334, a counteroffer cancels the existence of an initial offer thus making it void. The failure to make a counteroffer by the offeree means that no binding contract was entered into as Bastian chose to discontinue the effort to negotiate a contract. The oral contract in question would be binding only if Penny did not make a counter-claim. A minor person (herein Peter) lacks the legal capacity to enter into a contract. And as such is treated as incompetent. Therefore, the offeror here chose to enter into a contract with a minor (herein the offeree) tin full knowledge that such a contract was voidable and that the minor could negate or breach or revoke the said contract at any time. In this case specifically the service provider cannot sue Peters parents as they are not a party to the contract and may not be held liable if the Peter does not fulfil the contract terms. The only situation where the service provider can sue is when a parent or both parents of Peter did co-sign the contract thus liable and can be sued. In Mohori Bibee v Dharmadas Ghose it was ruled that a contract entered into by a minor is void contract that lacks legitimacy to be enforced from the beginning. Established, was that one not even the guardians or parents of a minor can be held liable or sued for breach of contract by the minor. Established was that the matter of age was known to the service provider. Refrences Supreme Court of Victoria. 2006. Mildura Office Equipment Supplies Pty Ltd v Canon Finance Australia Ltd [2006] VSC 42 (16 Febreuary 2006). Melbourne. Available at https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/vic/VSC/2006/42.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(Mildura%20Office%20Equipment Supreme Court of Victoria, Court of Appeal. 2007. Mildura Office Equipmentand Supplies Pty Ltd v Canon Finance Australia Ltd [2007] VSCA 112 (1 June 2007). Melbourne. Available at https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2007/112.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(Mildura%20Office%20Equipment William Markham. 2002. An Overview of Contract Law. Available at https://www.markhamlawfirm.com/law-articles/contract-lawyer-san-diego/ Peter D. Maynard . Alternative Dispute Resolution, with Emphasis on Arbitration and mediation. Available at, https://www.maynardlaw.com/Articles/alternative_dispute_resolution.htm Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1. Available at https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/carlill.html "Essays: The State of the Adversary System 1993." 1993. Valparaiso University Law Review 27 (spring). Doyle, Stephen, and Roger Haydock. 1991. Without the Punches: Resolving Disputes Without Litigation. Minneapolis: Equilaw. Kagan, Robert A. 2001. Adversary Legalism: The American Way of Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. Lord Lindley et al. 1903. CalcuttaHighCourt. Mohori Bibee Vs. Dharmadas Ghose (1903) 39 I.A. 114; 30 Cal. High Court (England and Wales). 1840. Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC J90 (Ch) (8 December 1840).

How to Write a Discussion Essay Comprehensive Guide

Are you having a hard time writing your essay? Are you seeking a reliable writing service to help you write your discussion essay? Well, your search is over. We have a team of experts ready to fulfill all your writing needs. This is the ultimate guide to change your essay writing for the better. It is time you reinvented essay writing. To ace this kind of essay, you have to think critically. This, of course, proves to be hard sometimes. It may also be possible that you are new to this type of essays and have no clue where to start. Our expert writers dedicated the time and experience to prepare guidelines to help you write the best discussion essay. We believe that after going through these guidelines, your writing will change for the better. Experts Explain: What is Discussion Essay? Discussion essays are the ones that require you to look at both sides of a particular situation and conclude by taking one side. Discussion essay can also be called for and against essays. Its meaning can be derived easily from the word ‘discuss,’ meaning how two people can talk about a similar topic but have different views on the issue at hand. The Ultimate Guideline – How to Write a Good Discussion Essay Basically, a discussion is knowledgeable deliberation. A compelling discussion essay should have a tactful debate. It should consider all points of view in order for it to result in a balanced paper. These essays provide points surrounding a given topic, mostly a debatable and arguable one. A discussion essay needs to look at different sides of the chosen topic and exhaust all the points of view. A reader should be able to understand all sides of the topic before a final opinion is given. A good writer should conduct adequate research and back up claims with substantial evidence showing the different views on the topic. Effective Essays – How to Structure a Discussion Essay A discussion essay structure plays a vital role when putting together an essay. Our experts researched and compiled a list of the best tips for structuring your essay. These include: Discussion essay papers vary in length and subject, but their structure is similar to some degree. The thesis statement, general statements and the position of the author are typically put in the introduction of this kind of essay. If you are looking to have a decent essay, all these must be included in your introduction and must be interesting and appealing to the reader. You may also include relevant definitions of the complexities in your introduction. The paragraphs of the body will explain the argument further, stating the relevant points and backing them up with evidence. The argument should look at all points of view. A proper conclusion should have a summary of the key Show what side you support based on your thoughts and the critical points in your essay. Tips and Tricks on How to Start a Discussion Essay The first thing you need to do before you start working on your essay is look for a suitable essay topic. Choose a topic that interests you because this will make it easier for you to write and have a constant flow of ideas. As stated earlier, all discussion essay assignments need to discuss both sides of the main subject surrounding the discussion essay topic. This means that you should have undertaken relevant research and have substantial evidence to back up your statements. Professionals Describe How to Write a Discussion Essay Introduction An outstanding introduction is supposed to have all the relevant issues that affect your topic at hand. While doing this, your intro should also set a good preview for the main body of your essay. It is advisable to state any words or phrases that you might use in your body here. Your introduction should always bear the thesis statement of your essay. H2: How to Write Your Discussion Essay Body This is the major part of your discussion essay. You can divide your body into paragraphs according to the number of key points you have for your paper. You could also split it into two sections- one paragraph looking at the favorable part of the topic while the other looking at what is against it. The most convenient way to start is with the weakest point or argument. Then, build to your strongest ones so that any reader can follow your discussion and pattern of thoughts with ease. Making an Outstanding Discussion Essay Conclusion As you may already know, the conclusion is supposed to bring an ending to your essay and wrap up your argument on a topic. However, these are not the only things that need to be present in your conclusion. You could restate the thesis statement of your discussion essay and reveal your position on the topic. Always make your conclusion interesting so that your piece doesn’t look flat and boring. All our writers are professionals and have the experience to take care of any academic paper. Why toil anymore when you can relax as we do the essay for you. We understand the quality of work required from students today, the massive research that has to be undertaken plus the actual writing. Writing a discussion can be really frustrating, especially if you haven’t had any experience with it. We know that it may be the dream of every student to excel in academic writing without having to lift a finger. Well, if you are among them, then your dream just came true. Our primary goal is to provide top-rated papers at the most affordable prices for our customers. Why wait any longer? Purchase essay online today!

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A Risky Environment for Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Risky Environment for Investment - Essay Example Moreover, lenders, shareholders, actions groups are putting more pressure on companies to disclose information with regards to business activities that impact on the environment so that these factors could be taken into account with investment decisions. A number of initiatives have been worked out to integrate sustainability and profitability. On a global level, the United Nations has been working with businesses and industries to make their activities more environmentally sustainable - among these are the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) including the UNEP Finance Initiative, and the UN Global Compact. A notable non-UN initiative is the Equator Principles developed by banks to manage environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) issues. The launch of the UN Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) in April 2006 was intended for pension funds (constituting about 35% of total global investments) and large institutional investors, and provides a "framework for achieving better and long-term investment returns and more sustainable markets". About 50 institutional investors from the US and Europe with a portfolio of about $4 trillion have signed on to PRI.

Management in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management in the 21st Century - Essay Example It is evident that this is after the interactions between the public, universities, students and the private employer organizations on the theme of employability. The principle of potentiality is now a comparative indicator for university performance. The principle is also used to compile university league tables as an obligatory dimension for the justification of higher education. This helps the HRM’s to have the ability to expand out of the organizational habitat into the wider social body.1 The enquiry into the HRM’s ethics is boosted as the expansion occurs due to dissemination of the system of ethical values to a new set of stakeholders. The ethical values are based on employment and the possibility of work as a fundamental part of the meaning of students’ whole personal lives. How the HRM handles the younger generations has revealed the dynamic formation of an ideal ethos of work in an environment the HRM is culturally free from its normal organizations and constrains. It is apparent that in the sphere of employability HRM is unrestricted by the formal context governing an employment contract. Jones says that there is need for the transformation of the category of ‘ethics’ into that of ‘ethos’ to investigate HRM’s ethical apparatus in this new domain.2 Employability discourses approach the relation between work and subjectivity very differently. The demands of mechanical uniformity cease to be replaced by new forms of address inciting the audience to a dynamic personal ethical engagement with work and self, instead of bureaucratic obedience to impersonal rules. The emphasis on individual potentiality leads to basic orientation towards work as an opportunity for self-perfection and self-realization. By understanding ethos as a dynamic principle then HRM’s ethics is no longer a matter of static systems of rules. It

Company stock profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company stock profile - Essay Example The success on foretelling harmful geological disasters aids in determining future contracts and payments. The second division includes the Division of Resources, which aids in the exploration and extraction of mineral, water and rock for profit. GEO updated its monetary report for the whole year of 2014 and issued a guidance report for investors towards the second quarter of the year. The organization expects its net income to rise from $1.78 to $1.86 per share. Secondly, it also anticipates the annual revenue to range between $i.60 billion and $ 1.62 billion. The enterprise also increased its Net Operation Income to an array of $452 million to $458 million. For the second part of the 2014 financial year, the total amount of diluted shares aims at increasing at a range of $55 million to $57 million. Additionally, the expected revenue for the second quarter of the year is bound to range between $404 and $409 million. The organization’s expenses are low contrast to the revenues making it gain profits rather than lose (The Geo Group 3). For the GeoHazard division, the department secured a number of insurance contracts in order to develop electronic monitoring devices that aid in the prediction of geological catastrophes. The step improved the company’s detection and mitigation skills allowing it to manage its future risks hence aiding in securing future contracts and payments. Furthermore, its ability to predict future occurrences enables it to facilitate its operation services. The Geo Energy Resource Division reports a return to profitability with a net profit of $0.1 million compared to a previous loss of $0.9 million experienced in 2013. The gross profit margin shows a gradual improvement compared to the year 2013 with an raise of $7.2 million, and the company expects an increase towards the second quarter of the year. Generally the profitability and performance levels of the

Cultural Differences In Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay

Cultural Differences In Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay What is your friendship style. It is probably different for each one of you and you all have your own friendship style as well. Friendship consist of mutual liking, trust, respect, tolerance, and often even love and acceptance under any conditions. They are established usually on the basis of similarities or common ground between the individuals. Friendship in real life may involve intimate touching between individuals. We can be a friend no matter what reasons. It does not matter where we from, which countries. Therefore, I would want to discuss about the difference between friendship styles with cultural background especially, cultural differences in interpersonal relationships. Many foreigner comers to the United States mention that people from US do not know what true friendship is. Americans seem very friendly at first time, but the friendships do not forward to another step. Americans are usually very friendly and kind to people eventhough they are not really close with, and they also being more generous in what others talk about than people are from many other countries. Because of this, it can be make someone to confuse who comes from a country where people are deserved first. It may seem like some difficulty to other people who from many other countries. 2 Case descriptions Steve and Yarer first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yarer was a student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American; he wanted to learn more about American culture and hoped that he and Steve would become good friends. At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yarer warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yarer. He even invited Yarer to eat lunch with him. But after the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didnt see each other very much at school. One day Yarer decided to call Steve. Steve didnt seem very interested in talking to him. Yarer was hurt by Steves change of attitude. Steve said we were friends, Yarer complained. And I said friends forever. What was wrong in the relationship between Yarer and Steve? Are Americans fickle? Why did Yarer feel confused? Because he is an outsider to American culture, he doesnt understand the way Americans view friendship. Americans use the word friend in a very general way. They may call both acquaintances and close companions Friends. Americans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighbourhood friends. These friendships are based on common interests. When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade. 3 Analysis and solutions of the case 3.1 Problems and underlying cultural differences As you can see this case, there is one big problem. Steve and Yarer they did not understand their cultural background. Understanding ones cultural background is not easy and simple. However, if you want to make effort to make a friend, you should know about his or her cultural differences. What is the most important point to considered an appropriate topic to discuss about with your friends from many other countires. Many international students said that they do not know how to make a good conversation with Americans and suffered from make a friend in US, because of a lack of understanding ones cultural factors like background information. People from different cultures have different organizations of interpersonal relationships and they have different expectations of people in the same category. As you know, Steve is from US. He seemed very friendly at first time, but it did not go for long relationship. So Yarer disappointed about Steves behave and he confused why Steve changed. From this case, we can find out what is American friendship style like. According to Cornell University international student and scholars office department, they mentioned that what is American friendship like. The American pattern shows typical Americans friendships are like they initially kind at first time because they do not really put any meaning to word friend. For instance, in US, word friend mean anything like many kinds of friend. There could be work friend, study friend, gym friend and so on. Therefore you do not have to put a big meaning to be a friend. Just try to get use to their friendship style because we all have other kinds of friendship style depends on what countries we are from. 3.2 Solutions and recommendations Your friendship and the way you look at friendships will be influenced by your culture. In cultures around the earth we observe friendship defined by the way people interact with each other, how they display their affection toward close and loving friends. But the word friend has different meanings in different countries. The misunderstanding about friend during intercultural communication sometimes may hurt ones feeling and cause in bad effects as well. Many international newcomers or students feel very disappointed that they do not know Americans well. Here are some advices: Even though you wish that Americans will invite you to come over and hang it out to get to know each other, do not take it seriously. They may not put any meaning of it. Just try to take it as a refuse to your request. Take the first step as make you to get close with them. Do not be frustrated to ask about certain thing that you need to know. talk with them with interesting topics. Such as talk about your country, cultural background and etc. They will interest to those topics because differences between culture factors always sounds fun. -Approach to them with your own friendship style. Do not frustrated to talk to them and shared your thinking. They will welcome what you think about them and care about them as well. If you want to be a good friend, just show them your true heart. It will bring out a trustworthy friendship to you If you think too much to make friend from many other countries, it will not forward to another steps to move on. You should act with confidence. And do not forget you should try to know other peoples cultural background. Also, you need to understand and respect their cultural background. 4 Conclusion The meaning of friendship may give everyone to interest but it also sort of difficult to describe. Communication style differences can also bring out misunderstandings about the other persons intentions and purpose. A main point to having successful intercultural relationship is establishing an effective relational culture. It is true that understanding ones cultural background is sort of difficult however; we should put our effort to make a good relationship with people from many other countries. If you want to maintain a good friendship with others, you should respect others first and approach to them with your true heart. People from many other countries may have different friendships between you have so we should prepare to comprehend others cultural fact and background information. Like any other friendship, intercultural friendships still hold a lot of uniqueness. In fact, friendship rules are individually negotiated so that no two friendships are alike. We create our own relat ional culture that determines whether we will be successful. 5 Literature http://www.silvaultramindsystem.com: The Silva Methods latest and most up to date program for training your intuition http://www.china-nafsa.aief-usa.org/chpter3.pdf http://www.friendship.com.au/ http://www.helium.com/knowledge/143177-what-is-friendship

Animal Farm: Importance of the Seven Commandments Essay -- George Orwe

Animal Farm: Seven Commandments Without law and order, it is nearly proven that civilization will fail. Because of this, Snowball saw it necessary to create a set of rules for the animals on the newly evolving farm, so came about the 7 Commandments. Unfortunately, but undoubtedly in the pigs’ advantage, most of the other animals did not know how to read or write. Because of this the other members of the farm had to bestow their trust and goodwill in the more educated of the animals. Little did they know that their innocence and their devotion to the farm as a whole would in the end lead to their demise. â€Å"The birds did not understand Snowball’s long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. â€Å" As the story of Animal Farm progresses, the pigs take a leading role and find themselves hungry for power and suffering from a chronic case of ruthless greed. In due time, the once staple and communal 7 Commandments start to change to ‘accommodate’ the selfishness of the pigs, most prominently Napoleon. Shall we say Napoleon has a bit of a complex? Although all of the commandments originally acted as a bible, their importance is gone now and they have been modified to allow the pigs to be heartless in their ways. Three of these commandments jump out as to being the most important of the bunch. â€Å"Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.† This commandment is crucial in demonstrating the betrayal that the other farm animals experienced. This commandment it basically making the point that the animals are good and the humans are evil. In the end, the pigs did what they said they would never do, follow in the evil footsteps of the humans. As the changes on t... ...s and the story has come full circle. Unfortunately this is not uncommon in history. Once one person or group is given a small privilege, the power hunger is inevitable. Political corruption is defined as the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. By completely altering and depleting the once almost sacred 7 Commandments, the pigs (Napoleon) have done a spotless job of creating and leading a politically corrupt society. The justice of all of the hardworking, devoted animals on the farm has been obstructed. In this case, the law and order of Animal Farm has been changed to the pig’s advantage and tragically, the other animals are oblivious to the fact until it’s too late. â€Å"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again, but already it was impossible to saw which was which.†

Evaluate the ways in which ideas were communicated to the audience Essay

Our central concepts and ideas for this piece were: Search for answers, desperation, fall of economy and society, fight for survival, obligatory ignorance. We wanted to communicate that in a downfall of the economy society will collapse; society needs money to survive, to be precise the human race needs things. Through this idea we wanted to show that once the financial system was taken away it came to down to survival of the fittest, people adapting to survive and breaking the taboo in order to do so. We also wanted to communicate that the protagonist was following his basic instincts to discover and learn, driven on a journey catalysed by the loss of his partner. As well as showing that there are often no answers, no matter how much effort and toil you are put through, we decided on showing how people can deal with what happens when they aren’t provided with what they want to know, that some people jump and take themselves out of the situation rather than having the weight of ignorance on their shoulders. Most of the members of the group were aware of these messages, but we made sure that every single one of us portrayed them through our performances to the best of our abilities so they could be carried across to the audience, even if they didn’t recognise them straight away. A few of these messages certainly did carry across but not to the extent we would have hoped. A lot of the younger members of the audience didn’t follow the plot completely, even after an explanation of the story. The older members also admitted that it was quite difficult to digest, and that it might have needed a second viewing to reiterate the plot and distinguish the deeper messages. A couple of them said, however, that the messages seemed to sink in and play on their mind over the next week and, when thinking of the amount of content we had actually performed in 45 minutes, realised how much we had put into it and how innovative it was. During our humorous scenes the audience were extremely engaged, laughing for long periods of time to at the certain bits of action or speech, this was exactly how we wanted and expected the to react. At the beginning they seemed to be quite agitated and were picking up the pictures that had been dropped from the catwalk above, this was again expected. At the rape scene they were very uncomfortable we could tell by the amount of tension left in the room, shuffling during the scene and the uncomfortable silence after the scene, we expected this kind of response, however we didn’t think it would be so extreme. I felt that we successfully conveyed the ideas of piece to the best of abilities but some members of the audience seemed to have received the messages we were trying to put across more than others. This was noticeable when talking to them afterwards as a lot of the audience; especially younger members found the plot difficult to follow. This meant that their brains were more intent on figuring out the plot that they missed key sections that were conveying these messages. The content was clearer to our teachers as they’d had the benefit of seeing the performance numerous times, this allowed them to digest the plot and, upon watching the play again, deconstruct and understand the meanings. I think we could have communicated the meaning clearer to the audience by either simplifying the plot or creating a more consistent and distinct narrative device. Our narrative device that appeared most often was the voice of the company, I think that exploring this character into more detail and having it recite pieces of text that suggest a story line more often would have made it clearer to the audience about the journey. We didn’t do this because we thought that the plot was more interesting without using a narrator thus leaving the audience in suspense and creating an unpredictability to the piece. The performance taught me that to create and present a great piece of drama you need perseverance, a good group dynamic, that discussing ideas relentlessly without taking action doesn’t get you anywhere, that you shouldn’t be afraid to tell a member of the group that an idea isn’t good enough, it’s better to come out with a great piece of drama after a fall out than have some mediocre. Also every scene has to stand alone before it can start to hold together as an entire piece. Our ideas surrounding obligatory ignorance were less obvious than some of our others but none the less proved effective in our performance we know this as they provided an under pinning to the plot that was hinted at but never directly addressed this helped to create a consistency throughout the piece that was obvious to the audience. Other, more directly tackled ideas, such as searching for answers, desperation, fight for survival, the fall of the economy and the fall of society. Idea/Theme How we attempted to communicate this to an audience How effective or communication was Fall of economy and society: This idea provides the starting point and is the catalyst for the plot. We have included this theme to explore a hypothetical world in which the economy collapse causing the downfall of civilisation and how it would be dealt with. We communicated this by beginning the piece with an ’emergency service announcement’ that pronounced that the economy had collapsed we had a 3 minute monologue from a member of the group speaking over air raid sirens and standing in front of flashing police lights. This was extremely effective as it was a clear concise obvious representation of an epidemic, the audience responded to it very well and said, after we talked to them that they got this bit. Searching for answers: This idea is the catalyst for the protagonist’s journey, this would mean that his tragic flaw would be ‘a need for answers’ as this ultimately leads him to his death. We included this idea so that the protagonist had a purpose to go on this journey that is, basically, the plot. This is communicated through the plot by sending the protagonist on this journey that is filled with multiple characters and dangers, yet he still goes on through multiple challenges just to find a way to understand, this is also represented in his confrontation with the bosses, persistently asking them question and insisting they tell him. This also carried over very well, they knew what he was doing why he was going, the only thing that confused them was if the protagonist knew about what happened to his partner as the photos we used with the words ‘eliminated’ on them weren’t visible to numerous members of the audience. Obligatory ignorance: This idea basically surrounds the idea that the protagonist will always, knowingly, be left in the dark about the events surrounding the loss of his partner, which also relates to the rest of the characters who are introduced in plot. We did this to convey that the people who the protagonist meets are people who have dealt with this forced lack of answers in different ways and that the characters in each scene will always be completely opposite to ones in a previous or following scene. We attempted to communicate this by confusing the audience, we showered them with pictures to intrigue them and want to find out answers like the protagonist. We wanted make it infuriating so that when the protagonist was denied the information he wanted from the Wise man and the bosses they would be equally as distraught. Audience members were definitely infuriated about the lack of answers that were given, which is exactly what we wanted. This made sure that they would be thinking about the play after they’d left and, hopefully, relate it to the current day. Fight for survival: This idea is providing an obstacle for the protagonist to face, making the plot interesting. We included this theme also to explore the primitive nature in which the human race would have to revert to in order to survive without the security of something that no longer exists. This is communicated through the challenges the protagonist face i. e. the prostitute scene, the war scene and the memory scene. In the latter the last person to speak reveals the dog eat dog world and kills herself for recessing to her primal instincts. This was definitely clear, talking to the audience afterwards a member said ‘That [world] as a bit rough wasn’t it? ‘ so it carried well.

Free Essays on Process Anaylsis

Process Analysis Essay When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this day. The first thing you need when you write a paper is a strong foundation. Everything must start at the bottom and be built up. This applies to everything. It all starts with an idea. So start your paper with an idea, write them all down and now you have your foundation. It is just a plot of land but it’s there u just need to get it ready to be built on. So take your ideas and polish them and refine them until your have a clear well thought out idea. Now your foundation is clear and ready to be built upon. But as with building a house you need to get the materials to create what is going to be built. You cant just have an idea in the paper and not have any support. You need to go and gather information from several sources to support your idea. You can find this in books, Internet, and magazines. I would recommend at least 3 sources or more if possible. Also make sure they are credible sources not just John Doe’s site on the civil war. Once you have your sources you can actually start building. Before you start writing there is the last step of the prewrite. You have to get the blueprint of the paper otherwise know as the outline. This helps you organize and structure the paper. So you don’t put roof on before the walls are up. Now you are ready to start writing the paper. Make sure when you do start to be in a comfortable environment. Don’t go grab your laptop and sit-down in front of the TV. Go to your desk and put some music on then ... Free Essays on Process Anaylsis Free Essays on Process Anaylsis Process Analysis Essay When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this day. The first thing you need when you write a paper is a strong foundation. Everything must start at the bottom and be built up. This applies to everything. It all starts with an idea. So start your paper with an idea, write them all down and now you have your foundation. It is just a plot of land but it’s there u just need to get it ready to be built on. So take your ideas and polish them and refine them until your have a clear well thought out idea. Now your foundation is clear and ready to be built upon. But as with building a house you need to get the materials to create what is going to be built. You cant just have an idea in the paper and not have any support. You need to go and gather information from several sources to support your idea. You can find this in books, Internet, and magazines. I would recommend at least 3 sources or more if possible. Also make sure they are credible sources not just John Doe’s site on the civil war. Once you have your sources you can actually start building. Before you start writing there is the last step of the prewrite. You have to get the blueprint of the paper otherwise know as the outline. This helps you organize and structure the paper. So you don’t put roof on before the walls are up. Now you are ready to start writing the paper. Make sure when you do start to be in a comfortable environment. Don’t go grab your laptop and sit-down in front of the TV. Go to your desk and put some music on then ...

Gold Rush essays

Gold Rush essays The California Gold Rush was one of the most important events in the 19th century. Without it America would not be as populated and economically strong as it is today. The California Gold Rush brought many foreigners into the United States and triggered migration to the Western Coast. The California Gold Rush taught people that failure was okay and made people take risks. The California Gold Rush was the Las Vegas of the 19th century. The California Gold Rush blew the United States economy sky high and gave America a very useful and attractive resource. The California Gold Rush started at John Sutters Mill in the beginning of 1848. The first gold, discovered in January, 1848. Now if Mrs. Wimmer California Gold Rush possesses a piece which has been found earlier than mine Mr. Marshall can tell, as it was probably received from him. I think Mr. Marshall could have hardly known himself, which was exactly the first little piece, among the whole. As soon as the first piece was discovered the word spread and many within the area joined. Within time many people came from many different places within and outside the United States. People came to California to escape poverty, become rich, to cover their debts, and to try to go into early retirement. Many Argonauts were left by their spouses for going to California and were criticized by many for not helping their family. From 1848 to 1852 Californias population grew from 14,000 to 223,856 . The spread of Gold Fever was extremely rapid due to the fact that the United States had just won the Mexican War. The press (media) also had a big part in the California Gold Rush because it made people believe that every single gold digger that came to California would become a millionaire in no time and with very little effort. The news spread outside of the United States and soon immigrants started coming from countries such as China, Chili, M...